About 'certified public accounts'|...it. A recent white paper issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants discusses how accountants should act in due diligence...

               ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴ
               Ａ               ｃａｓｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｏｆ               ＵＢＡ               ｉｎ               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ,               Ｒｉｖｅｒｓ               Ｓｔａｔｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｓｔａｆｆ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｏｆ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ａｔｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｍｉｎｇ               ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｓｈａｐｅ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               ＵＢＡ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ               ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｄ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｓｃａｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｉ-ｓｑｕａｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄａｔａ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ａｓｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ａｎｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｎｏｎ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅｄ.

Ｔｈｕｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｓｈｏｗｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｇｈ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               ＵＢＡ.

Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｉｔ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｉｌｙ               ｍｅａｎ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ               ｏｎ               ｅｑｕａｌ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ,               ｂｕｔ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄｏ               ｋｅｅｐ               ｅｑｕａｔｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｍａｋｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｔｅｓｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ/ｈｙｐｏｔｈｅｓｉｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ,               ｔｈｕｓ               ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               1,               2               ａｎｄ               3.
               ＣＨＡＰＴＥＲ               ＯＮＥ
               Ｏｖｅｒｖｉｅｗ
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｖｉｅｗ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ               ｂａｎｋ               ＵＢＡ               Ｂａｎｋ               Ｐｌｃ               Ｐｏｒｔ               -               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ               ｂｒａｎｃｈ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｍ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｒｅｆｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               "ＴＨＥ               ＰＲＩＮＣＩＰＬＥＳ               ＭＥＴＨＯＤＳ               ＡＮＤ               ＰＲＯＣＥＤＵＲＥＳ,               ｒｅｌａｔｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅｓ.
               Ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｍｏｎｅｔａｒｙ               ｔｅｒｍ.
               Ｉｎ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｌｉｋｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ,               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ               ｅｎｔｅｒｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｌｙ               ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｅｄ,               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄ,               ａｎｄ               ａｂｏｖｅ               ａｌｌ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ａｃｃｕｒａｔｅ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｂｅ               ｋｅｐｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｔ.

Ｉｎ               ａ               ｓｉｄｅ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｔｈｉｓ,               ｄｅｍａｒｃａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ,               ａｓ               ａ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ,               ｂｅ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄ,               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｓｅｒｖｅ               ｂａｓｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ,               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｒｅ               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｏｒ               ｎｏｎ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｏｎｅ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｓａｔｉｓｆａｃｔｏｒｙ.

Ａｌｓｏ               ｉｎ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ａｂｏｖｅ,               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ               ｉｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｌｏｐｓｉｄｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｃｏｍｐｅｔｅｎｔ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎｎｅｌ,               ａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙ,               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ.
               Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｓｅｒｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ               ｉｎ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒ               ｎｏｎ-ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｓｐｕｔａｂｌｅ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｆ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ｌｉｋｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ,               ｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｅ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ,               ｉｔ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔ               ａｎｄ               ａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅｌｙ               ａｒｒａｎｇｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ               ｄａｔａ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｂｉｔ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               (ｉｎｐｕｔ)               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｖｅｒｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｆｕｌ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ               (ｏｕｔｐｕｔ).
               Ｔｈｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｉｎｇ               ｉｔｓ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｗｈａｔ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               "Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ"               ｏｆ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｔｙｐｅｓ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ.
               Ａ               ｇｏｏｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ａｄｏｐｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙ               ｆｌｅｘｉｂｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃａｐａｂｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｔａｉｌｏｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｔｓ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ.

Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ,               ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ,               ｎｏ               ｓｉｎｇｌｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ａｌｌ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ｂａｎｋｓ,               ｆｏｒ               ｃｌａｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎ,               ｗｈａｔ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｗｈａｔ               ｉｔ               ｅｎｔａｉｌｓ,               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｏｕｔｌｉｎｅｄ.
               Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｅｒｉｃ               Ｈ.

Ｋｏｗｅｒ,               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               4ｔｈ               ｅｄｉｔｉｏｎ,               ｗｒｏｔｅ:               "Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ,               ｆｏｒｍ,               ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ｂｙ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｓｓｅｔｓ,               ｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅｓ,               ｅｘｐｅｎｓｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ａｒｅ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｒｉｖｅｄ".
               Ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｔｓ               ｄａｉｌｙ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｗｈａｔｅｖｅｒ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｍａｎｎｅｒ,               ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｓａｉｄ               ｔｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｅｄ               ａｎ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｏｆ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇ               ａｎ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｉｓ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄ               ｎｏｔ               ａ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｉｃ               ａｉｍ               ｏｆ               ａｎｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｓｔｒｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ａｃｈｉｅｖｅ               ｉｔｓ               ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ａｃｃｏｍｐｌｉｓｈ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｌｙ;               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｉｎｄｉｓｐｅｎｓａｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ.

Ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ               ａｎｄ               ｗｅａｋｎｅｓｓｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｔｅｒｍｓ,               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ａｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｃｉｄｅ               ｏｎ               ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙ               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｒ               ｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓ.

Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｆｏｒ               ｃａｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎ,               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｎｅｅｄｓ               ａ               ｇｏｏｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｏ               ｍａｎｙ               ｒｅａｓｏｎｓ.
               Ａ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌ               ｗｏｒｋａｂｌｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｂａｎｋ               ｔａｋｅｓ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｈａｐｈａｚａｒｄ,               ｕｎｒｅｇｉｍｅｎｔｅｄ               ｃａｔｅｇｏｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｒａｉｓｅｄ               ｉｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｇｏｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎ               ａｎｄ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｗｈｏｌｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒｔａｋｉｎｇ               ｄｅｓｅｒｖｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｉｖｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ.

Ａｌｓｏ,               ａ               ｇｏｏｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｅｌｉｍｉｎａｔｅｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｆｒｉｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ               ｂｙ               ｃｌｅａｒｌｙ               ｓｈｏｗｉｎｇ               ｈｏｗ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｃｏｍｅｓ               ｉｎ,               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｉｔ               ｗｅｎｔ,               ｗｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｌｅｆｔ               (ａｓｓｅｔｓ)               ａｎｄ               ｗｈａｔ               ｗａｓ               ａｃｃｏｍｐｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｈｏｌｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ｂｕｉｌｄ               ｏｎｅｓ               ｍｉｎｅ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ               ａｒｒａｎｇｅ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅｓ               ｃａｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｍａｋｅｓ               ｉｔ               ｉｍｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅ               ｔｏ               ｓｐｏｔ               ｏｕｔ               ｉｎｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ａｌｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｅｘｐｅｎｓｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ.
               Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ,               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ               ｔｏ               ａｓｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ＵＢＡ               Ｂａｎｋ               ｈａｓ               ａ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ,               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ               ａｓ               ｃａｓｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ａｓｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｆｏｃｕｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｓｕｂ-ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ.

Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｄａｔａ               ｏｒ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ａｒｅ               ａ               ｖｉｔａｌ               ｐａｒｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｓｔｒｉｖｅ               ｔｏ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｕｓｅｆｕｌｌｙ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ａｌｓｏ               ｌｏｏｋ               ｉｎｔｏ               ａｎｙ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ(ｓ)               ｔｈａｔ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｔｅ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｅｋ               ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ.
               1.1               Ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｔｏｐｉｃ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈａｓ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｒｅｊｅｃｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｓｔｒｉｃｔ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ,               ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓ.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｎｏ               ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ               ｓａｙｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｖｅｒｓｙ               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｆａｃｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ａｒｉｓｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｓｏ               ｍａｎｙ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｙ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ.
               Ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌ               ｆｒｉｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙ.

Ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｗｉｓｅ,               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｅｎｓｕｒｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ,               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ｉｓ               ｓｕｐｐｌｉｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｉｔ               ａｃｃｕｒａｔｅｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｉｍｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｌｌｙ,               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｆｕｌｌｙ               ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｃａｒｒｙｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗ               ｓｔｒｉｃｔｌｙ,               ｉｎ               ｉｎｉｔｉａｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｂｏｏｋ-ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｉｔ               ｓｕｂｓｉｓｔｓ,               ａｎ               ｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ               ｇｉｖｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｒ               ａ               ｓｕｐｅｒｉｏｒ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｏｌｅ.

Ｕｎｆｏｒｔｕｎａｔｅｌｙ               ｍａｎｙ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ               ｉｎ               ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ               ｕｐ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｏｂａｂｌｙ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｔｈａｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｒｉｅｎｄ               ｉｆ               ａｃｃｏｓｔｉｎｇ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ               ｕｐｏｎ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｃｔｕａｔｅ               ｄａｔａ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ａｒｅ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅｄ.
               Ａｌｓｏ,               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄ               ｏｆ               ａｄｖｅｒｓｅ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｆ               ｃｈａｎｇｅ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｒｅ               ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ               ａｄｏｐｔｅｄ               ｍｏｎｔｈｌｙ               ｂｙ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ               ｏｒ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｂｏａｒｄ               ｏｎ               ｂａｎｋ               ａｒｅ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｃｈａｎｇｅ               ａｎｎｕａｌｌｙ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｌｉｔｔｌｅ               ｏｒ               ｎｏ               ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅ               ａｄｏｐｔｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｗｔｈ               ｏｆ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ａ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄｉｓｃｏｕｒａｇｅ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｔｙ.
               1.2               Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               Ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ
               Ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｉｓ               ｃａｒｒｉｅｄ               ｏｕｔ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ａｎｓｗｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ.
               1.

Ｈｏｗ               ｄｏｅｓ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ.
               2.

Ｈｏｗ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｐｌａｙｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｌｉｋｅ               ＵＢＡ.
               3.

Ｄｏｅｓ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｉｎ               ＵＢＡ.
               1.3               Ｈｙｐｏｔｈｅｓｉｓ
               Ｈｏ:               Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｎｏ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｌｅｖｅｌ.
               ＨＩ:               Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｌｅｖｅｌ.
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔｕｄｙ
               1.

Ｔｏ               ａｓｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ＵＢＡ               Ｂａｎｋ               (Ｎｉｇ)               Ｐｌｃ               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ               ｂｒａｎｃｈ               ｈａｓ               ａ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ.
               2.

Ｔｏ               ａｓｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ.
               3.

Ｔｏ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｇｈｌｉｇｈｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｕｓｅｆｕｌ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ;               ａｎｄ
               4.

Ｔｏ               ｓｅｅｋ               ｗａｙｓ               ｔｏ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ＵＢＡ               Ｂａｎｋ               Ｎｉｇｅｒｉａ               Ｐｌｃ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌ               ｂａｎｋ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｈｅａｄ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅ               ｉｎ               Ａｂｕｊａ               ａｎｄ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｏｖｅｒ               15               ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ               ｅｘｔｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌ               ｃｉｔｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎｉｇｅｒｉａ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ               ｂａｎｋ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｕｂ-ｒｅｇｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｆｅｗ               ｓｈａｒｅｈｏｌｄｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ｎｉｇｅｒｉａ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ               ｗａｓ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ               ｉｎ               1988               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               1990               ｗｉｔｈ               ｐｕｒｅｌｙ               ｏｎ               ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ               ｓｅｔｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ａｄｄ               ｌｉｆｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｉｇｈｌｙ               ｄｅｍａｎｄｉｎｇ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ               ｏｆ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｏｔａｌ               ｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｓ               ｏｆ               ａｂｏｕｔ               Ｎ4.6               ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               1998,               ｔｈｅ               ＵＢＡ               Ｂａｎｋ               ｉｓ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄ               ａｓ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｅｗ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｖｉｂｒａｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ               ｂａｎｋ               ｗｅ               ｈａｖｅ               ｉｎ               Ｎｉｇｅｒｉａｎ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｃａｒｒｙｏｕｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｓｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＢＡ               Ｂａｎｋ               Ｐｌｃ               ｗｈｏｓｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｏ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｇｈｔ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ               ｃａｓｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｆｒａｕｄ               ａｎｄ               ｄｉｓｔｒｅｓｓ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｉｎ               Ｎｉｇｅｒｉａｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ａｌｓｏ               ｓｅｒｖｅ               ａｓ               ａ               ｕｓｅｆｕｌ               ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ               ｆｏｒ               ｍａｎｙ               ｏｎｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｗａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｏｒ               ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ               ｏｎｅｓ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｄａｔａ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄ               ａｄｏｐｔｅｄ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍａｉｎｌｙ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎ               ａｎｄ               ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ.
               1.5               Ｓｃｏｐｅ               ｏｆ               Ｓｔｕｄｙ               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｉｓ               ｍａｄｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｉｖｅ               ｃｈａｐｔｅｒｓ,               ｅａｃｈ               ｏｆ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｅｌｅｃｔ               ａ               ｖｉｔａｌ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               &               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａ               ｃａｓｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｏｆ               ＵＢＡ               ｉｎ               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ.
               1.6               Ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔｕｄｙ
               Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｕｓｅｆｕｌｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｒｉｅｓ,               ｉ.ｅ.

ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｉｓ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ               ｎａｍｅｌｙ,               ＵＢＡ               Ｂａｎｋ               (ＵＢＡ               Ｂａｎｋ               Ｐｌｃ)               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ               ｂｒａｎｃｈ.
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｓｏ,               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｃｌｅａｒｌｙ               ｉｎｄｉｓｐｕｔａｂｌｅ               ｆａｃｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｎｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｓ               ｎｏ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｎｏｔ               ｋｎｏｗ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｏ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｅ.

Ｉｔｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ,               ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ,               ｂｅ               ｏｖｅｒｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｆｏｒｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｓａｖｉｎｇ               ｆｕｎｄ               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｃｏｉｎｓ               ｏｒ               ｏｖｅｒｄｒａｆｔｓ.

Ｉｔ               ｗｉｌｌ,               ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ,               ｂｅ               ｕｎｓａｔｉｓｆａｃｔｏｒｙ               ｉｆ               ａｌｌ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ               ｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ａｒｅ               ｑｕａｌｉｆｉｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｓｉｎｇｌｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｈｅａｄ.
               Ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ａｎ               ｉｎｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｙ               ａｎｄ               ｕｎｓａｔｉｓｆａｃｔｏｒｙ               ｗａｙ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ.

Ｉｔ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｎｏｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｐｒｅｓｕｐｐｏｓｅ               ｗｒｏｎｇ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ.

Ｈｅｎｃｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ａｃｃｕｒａｔｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｎｏ               ｄｏｕｂｔ,               ｉｎｓｉｇｈｔ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               (ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ)               ｔｏ               ｒｅｌｉｖｅ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ａｒｅａ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｓｏ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｍａｎｙ               ｗｒｉｔｅｒｓ,               ｅｖｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｂｏｄｉｅｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｎｅｇｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｈｉｓ               ａｓｐｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ.

Ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅａｓｏｎ,               ｓｏ               ｍａｎｙ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｔｒｙ               ｔｏ               ｆｉｎｄ               ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ.
               Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｏｒｄｅｒ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｕｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｆｏｒ               ｂａｎｋｓ.

Ａｌｓｏ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ａｒｅ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ａｉｄ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｔｏ               ｂａｎｋ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               "Ａｎ               ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ               ｔｏ               ｂａｎｋ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｕｄｉｔ"               ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｍｉｎｄ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇ               ａｒｅａ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｂｙ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ.
               1.7               Ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｔｅｒｍｓ
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ:               Ｔｈｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｉｎｇ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ａｎａｌｙｚｉｎｇ,               ｖｅｒｉｆｙｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｉｎｇ.
               Ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               Ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ:               Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｙ               ｔｅｒｍｓ,               ｉｎ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｗｎｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ.
               Ｐｒｏｆｉｔ:               Ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｙｏｕ               ｍａｋｅ               ｉｎ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｏｒ               ｂｙ               ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ               ｔｈｉｎｇｓ,               ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｐａｙｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ.
               Ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ:               Ａ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｆｏｒｍ               ａ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｃｌｕｂ,               ｅｔｃ               ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ａｃｈｉｅｖｅ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ               ａｉｍ.
               ＵＢＡ:               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｂａｎｋ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ
               1.8               Ｌｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｓｔｕｄｙ
               Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ               ｇｅｔｓ               ｂａｎｋ               ｔｈｅ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｓｏ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｗａｒｄ               ｂｅ               ａｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｇｉｖｅ               ａｄｅｑｕａｔｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｄａｔａ.

Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｉｍｍｏｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｃｏｍｅｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｌａｙ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｎｇ               ｂａｎｋ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ.

Ａｌｓｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｒｕｎｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｔｉｒｅ               ｅｘｅｒｃｉｓｅ               ｉｓ               ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｇｒｅａｔｌｙ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ.

               ＣＨＡＰＴＥＲ               ＴＷＯ
               Ｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ               Ｒｅｖｉｅｗ
               Ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅａｒｌｉｅｓｔ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｄａｙ,               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｕｎｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｃｏｍｍｅｎｃｅｓ               ｉｔ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ａ               ｆｉｒｍｌｙ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ｉｓ               ｍａｄｅ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｌｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ａｃｃｕｒａｔｅ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｏｆ               ａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｔａｋｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               "ｔｒｕｅ"               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ａｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ.
               Ｎｏｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ｉｓ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｆｕｒｎｉｓｈ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ               ｏｒ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ               ｕｓｅｒｓ,               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｅｎｈａｎｃｅ               ｓｏｕｎｄ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ.

Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐａｒｔ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ,               ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｙｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｍａｎｎｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｅｒｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｎｔｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｐａｒｔ               ａｔ               ｌｅａｓｔ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ               ｔｈｅｒｅｏｆ.

Ｉ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               (ＡＡＡ)               ａｌｓｏ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎ:
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｉｎｇ,               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｎｇ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｐｅｒｍｉｔ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍｅｄ               ｊｕｄｇｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｂｙ               ｕｓｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ.
               Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｅｖｉｄｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｅｄｉｎｇ               ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｅｎｔｉｔｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｓ               ｒｅｆｅｒｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａｓ               "Ｂｏｏｋ-ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ"               ｉｓ               ａｎ               ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｗｈａｔ               ｇｅｔｓ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｅｄ               ｉｎｉｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓ               ｗｈａｔ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ.
               Ａｔ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｓｙｎｏｎｙｍｏｕｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ,               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ,               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ               ｅｎｇａｇｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｆｅａｔｕｒｅ,               ｍａｋｅ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｄ               ａｓ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ:
               1.

Ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               Ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ:               ｄｅｃｉｄｉｎｇ               ｗｈａｔ               ａｍｏｕｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌ               ａｒｅ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅ               ｂｙ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ.

2.

Ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ               Ａｌｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ               Ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ:               Ｄｅｃｉｄｉｎｇ               ｈｏｗ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌ               ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｉｎｖｅｓｔｅｄ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｍｏｕｎｔ               ｉｎｖｅｓｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｍａｃｈｉｎｅｒｙ,               ｓｔｏｃｋ               ｅｔｃ.

ｓｏ               ａｓ               ｔｏ               ｙｉｅｌｄ               ｅａｒｎｉｎｇｓ.

3.

Ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ               Ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ:               Ｄｅｃｉｄｉｎｇ               ｗｈａｔ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｗｈａｔ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｅｎ.

4.

Ｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇ               Ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ:               Ｓｅｔｔｉｎｇ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ               ｂｕｄｇｅｔｓ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ａ               ｆｉｒｍ               ｍａｒｋｅｔｓ               ａｒｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｒｅａｃｈｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｃｏｎｆｉｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｔｙｃｏｏｎｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｄｉｃｔａｔｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｉｔｓ               ｉｎｈａｂｉｔａｎｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｏｎｅ               ｗａｙ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｔｈｅｒ.

Ｗｅ               ｌｉｖｅ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ｅｒａ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ,               ｉｎ               ｏｎｅ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｏｎ               ａｎ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｄａｉｌｙ               ｂａｓｉｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｕｓｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               (ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ)               ａｓ               ａ               ｂａｓｉｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅａｓｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｃｃｏｍｐｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ.
               Ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｌｅｖｅｌ,               ｓｏｍｅ               ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｅｘｈｉｂｉｔｅｄ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｋｎｏｗｉｎｇｌｙ               ｏｒ               ｕｎｋｎｏｗｉｎｇｌｙ               ｂｙ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ａｃｔ               ｐｒｕｄｅｎｔｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｍｅｅｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ.

Ｏｆｔｅｎ,               ａｎ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｓｕｐｐｌｙ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｂｕｙ               ａ               ｃａｒ               ｏｒ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｅｔｃ.
               2.1               Ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ
               Ｔｈｅ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇ               ｏｎｅ.

Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｖｅｒｙ               ａｎｃｉｅｎｔ               ａｒｔ.

Ａｒｃｈｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ               ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｈｏｗｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｈｅｎ               ａ               ｓｏｐｈｉｓｔｉｃａｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚｅｄ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ               ｈａｓ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ.
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ               ｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙ.

Ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｒｃａｎｔｉｌｅ               ｅｒａ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｔｒａｄｉｎｇ,               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒｔｏｏｋ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｖｏｙａｇｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｒａｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｗａｓ               ｆｅｌｔ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｖｅｎｔｕｒｅｓ.

Ｅａｃｈ               ｖｏｙａｇｅ               ｏｒ               ｊｏｕｒｎｅｙ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｖｅｎｔｕｒｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｋｅｐｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｒｕｄｉｍｅｎｔａｒｙ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｏｙａｇｅｒｓ.
               Ｐｒｉｏｒ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｓｅ,               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ               ｍｅｍｏｒｉａｌ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｉｎ               ｆｅｕｄａｌ               Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ               ｂｙ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｍａｓｔｅｒｓ               ｂｅｓｔｏｗｅｄ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｅｒｖａｎｔｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｍ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｅｄ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ.

Ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ｈａｄ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒｅｄ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ,               "ｇｉｖｉｎｇ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ"               ｈａｓ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｕｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｃｈａｎｃｅｌｌｏｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔｅｗａｒｄｓ               ａｎｄ               "ａｕｄｉｔｉｎｇ               (ｏｒ               ｈｅａｒｉｎｇ)               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ａ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｋｉｎｇｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂａｒｏｎｓ               (ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｌｍｓ               ａｎｄ               ｌａｔｅｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ).
               Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｔｉｍｅ,               ｍｏｓｔ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｏｗｎｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｏｎｅ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｂｙ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｆｅｗ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｓｉｚｅ               ｏｆ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓ               ｗａｓ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｓｈａｌｌｏｗ               ｔｏｏ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｈａｄ               ｎｏ               ｂａｓｉｓ               ｏｒ               ｓｅｔ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｍ.

Ｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙ,               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｓｔａｒｔｅｄ               ｌｉｎｋｉｎｇ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｗｈａｔ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｔｏ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｚｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｅｎｇａｇｅ               ｉｎ.
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ.

Ｓｏｍｅ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ               ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｔｙ,               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｒｏｗ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ               ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｓ.
               Ｏｎｅ               ｍａｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ               ｗａｓ               Ｌｕｃａ               Ｐａｃｉｏｌｉ               ａｎｄ               Ｉｔａｌｉａｎ               Ｍｏｎｋ               ａｎｄ               Ｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｉａｎ.

Ｈｅ               ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｂｏｏｋ               (ｋｎｏｗｎ               ｂｒｉｅｆｌｙ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｍｍａ)               ｉｎ               1499               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈｅ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｄｏｕｂｌｅ               ｅｎｔｒｙ               ａｓ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｉｔａｌｉａｎ               ｍｅｒｃｈａｎｔ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ.
               Ｓｈｏｒｔｌｙ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               Ｐａｃｉｏｌｉ               Ｐｕｂｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ,               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｗａｓ               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅｒ               Ｃｏｌｕｍｂｕｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｅｖｅｎｔ               ｏｐｅｎｅｄ               ｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｗ               ｗｏｒｌｄ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｕｐｓｕｒｇｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｒａｄｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｙ               ｈｅｌｐｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ.

Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｌｏｏｋｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｒｅｌｉａｂｌｅ               ｗａｙｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｔｒａｄｉｎｇ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｄｖｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ               ｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               (ｏｒ               ｊｏｉｎｔ               ｓｔｏｃｋ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ)               ａｎｄ               ｌａｔｅｒ,               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌ               ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ               ｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｂｒｏｕｇｈｔ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ａ               ｄｉｖｏｒｃｅ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｏｗｎｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ               ａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ａｓ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               "ｔｒｕｅ               ａｎｄ               ｆａｉｒ"               ｈｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｍｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ａｕｄｉｔｏｒ.

Ａｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｔｉｍｅ               ａｎｄ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               ｔｈｅ               17ｔｈ               ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ,               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｗａｓ               ｍｏｓｔｌｙ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄ               ａｓ               ｏｒ               ｓｅｒｖｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｔｅｗａｒｄｓｈｉｐ.
               Ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｈａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌ               ｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ.

Ａｓ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｇｒｅｗ               ｉｎ               ｓｉｚｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｉｔｙ               ｍｏｒｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｗａｓ               ｆｅｌｔ.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｎｏｔｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               Ｎｉｇｅｒｉａ               ｂｙ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｍｅｒｃｈａｎｔｓ.
               Ａ               ｆｅｗ               Ｎｉｇｅｒｉａｎｓ               ｓｈｏｗｅｄ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｔｒａｉｎｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｌｏｃａｌｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ａｂｒｏａｄ.

Ｉｎ               1960,               ａ               ｆｅｗ               ｙｏｕｎｇ               Ｎｉｇｅｒｉａｎ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｍｅｔａｍｏｒｐｈｏｓｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ               ｏｆ               Ｃｈａｒｔｅｒｅｄ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               Ｎｉｇｅｒｉａ               (ＩＣＡＮ)               ｉｎ               1965,               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ａｃｔ               ｎｏ               15               ｏｆ               1975.
               2.2               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｗｈｏｓｅ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｗｉｄｅ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｏｓｅ               ａｒｅａｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｐｅｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ａｒｅ               ｍａｎｙ.

Ｈｅｎｃｅ,               ｍａｎｙ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ               ｈａｖｅ               ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｍａｎｙ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｗａｙｓ.

Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ               ｓｅｅｍｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｃａｌ               ｉｎ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎｓ.
               Ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｉｎｇ,               ｍｅａｓｕｒｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｐｅｒｍｉｔ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍｅｄ               ｊｕｄｇｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｓｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｊｏｂ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｊｕｄｇｍｅｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ.
               Ｔｈｅ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ               Ｂｏａｒｄ               (ＡＰＢ)               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｅｄ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ               ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｓ               ａ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ,               ｉｔｓ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｐｒｉｍａｒｉｌｙ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｅｎｔｉｔｉｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｉｎｔｅｎｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｕｓｅｆｕｌ               ｉｎ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｒｅａｓｏｎｅｄ               ｃｈｏｉｃｅｓ               ａｍｏｎｇ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ               ｏｆ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ.

Ｉｎ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｅｙ               ｓｅｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｓ               'ｇｏａｌ               ｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄ"               ａｎｄ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅｓ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ               ｒａｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ,               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｉｎｇ,               ｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ.
               2.3               Ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ
               Ｔｈｅ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｔ               ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｓ.

Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｌａｌｌａｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｒｙｄｅｒ               "Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｓ               ｆｏｕｒ               ｍａｉｎ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ               ａｒｅａ:               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ,               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔ,               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ".
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｓ               ａ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ               ｏｒ               ｖｅｒｂａｌ               ｔｏ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ               ｐａｒｔｉｅｓ.

Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｍａｄｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｖｅａｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｇｏｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｉｔ.

Ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｉｅｆ               ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｗｈａｔ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｄｉｓｔａｎｔ               ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｉｔ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｌｙ               ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ａｐｐｒｉｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ.

Ｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               ａｎｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｍａｄｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｂｕｔ               ｄｏ               ｎｏｔ               ｐａｒｔａｋｅ               ｉｎ               ｉｔｓ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎｓ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒ.

Ｃｒｅｄｉｔｏｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｈａｒｅｈｏｌｄｅｒ               ｍａｎ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｏｆ               ｓｃａｒｃｅ               ｍｅａｎ'ｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｒｙ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ               ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ,               ｓｕｅ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ               ａｎｄ               ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｃａｎ               ｍａｋｅ               ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ.
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｆａｃｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓ               ｔｗｏ               ｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔ               ｐａｒｔｓ:               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｉｎｖｅｓｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               (ｃａｐｉｔａｌ)               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ａ               ｔｒａｄｉｎｇ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               (ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅ).
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｅｒｖｅｓ               ａｓ               ａ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ,               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｌｏｃａｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｐｌａｃｅｓ.

Ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ,               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｍａｙ               ｕｓｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｏｆ               ａｓｓｅｔｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｃａｓｈ               ｏｒ               ｓｔｏｃｋ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｒａｎｃｈ               ｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｏ               ｈａｖｅ.

Ａｎｄ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｉｔｓ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ａｒｅ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｅｘｐｅｎｓｉｖｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｍａｙ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ               ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｏｔａｌ               ａｍｏｕｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｉｔｓ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔｏｒｓ.
               2.4               Ｔｈｅ               Ｎｅｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ａｎ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               Ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｉｃ               ｐｕｒｓｅ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｅ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ａｎ               ｅｎｔｉｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｂｏｄｉｅｓ.

Ｔｏ               ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ａｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔ               ａｎｄ               ａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅｌｙ               ａｒｒａｎｇｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ               ｄａｔａ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｔｓｅｌｆ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｅｎｔａｉｌ               ｔｈｅ               "ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｂｉｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｉｎｐｕｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｖｅｒｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｆｕｌ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               (ｏｕｔ               ｐｕｔ).
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ａｄｏｐｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａ               ｆｉｒｍ               ｉｎ               ｇａｔｈｅｒｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｉｎｇ               ｉｔｓ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ               ａｓ               ａｎ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ.
               Ｔｈｕｓ,               ｆｏｒ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ               ａｄｅｑｕａｔｅｌｙ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ,               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ,               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               -               ｉｔ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｄｅｖｉｓｅ               ａ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｉｎｇ               ｉｔｓ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｌｅｅ               ｂｕｔｔｒｅｓｓｅｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｆａｃｔ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｈｅ               ｓａｙｓ               'ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｕｓｅｆｕｌｎｅｓｓ               (ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ)               ｆｏｒ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ               -               ｉｎｔｅｒｎ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ｏｆ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ,               ａｐｐｒａｉｓａｌ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ｕｎｄｅｒｔａｋｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏ               ｆｏｒｔｈ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｔｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ａｒｒａｎｇｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ.
               Ｎｕｒｔｕｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ａｍｏｕｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ               ｅｘｔｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｔｔｉｎｇ               ｕｐ               ｏｆ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｒ               ｍｏｒｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｕｂ-ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｉｎ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｉｔｓ               ｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｓｔｉｎｇ.

Ｓｕｂｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｌｆ               ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ               ａｔ               ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ.
               Ｉｎ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｗｏｒｄｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｏｕｔｐｕｔ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｄｉｃｔａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｎｎｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｅｄ.
               2.5               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ               ａｓ               ａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌ               ｄａｔａ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ａｓｓｉｓｔ               ｕｓｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ａｓｓｅｓｓｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｌｉｑｕｉｄｉｔｙ,               ｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｖｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｉｎｇ               ｅｎｔｉｔｙ.

Ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｗｉｄｅｌｙ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｂａｓｉｃ               ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ.
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｂｙ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｍａｎａｇｅｒｓ'               ａｒｔｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍｅｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｓｔａｔｕｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ,               ｔｈｕｓ               ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇ,               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｎｇ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ.

Ａ               ｌａｒｇｅ               ｐｏｒｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ａ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｍａｎａｇｅｒ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓ               ｉｓ               ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｄａｔａ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｔｏ               ａｎａｌｙｓｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｕｓｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄａｔａ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｍａｎａｇｅｒｓ               ａｃｃｏｍｐｌｉｓｈ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ               (Ｗａｌｇｅｎｂａｃｈ               ｅｔ               ａｌ               1980).
               Ｖｉｒｔｕａｌｌｙ,               ａｌｌ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｋｅｅｐ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ａｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｎａｇｅｒ               ｉｓ               ｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｍｕｌｔｉｔｕｄｅ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ               ｖａｒｉａｂｌｅ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ               ｌｉｋｅ               ｔｈｉｓ,               ａ               ｍａｎａｇｅｒ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｌｙ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ.
               Ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｂｙ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｉｎｇ               ｄａｉｌｙ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ,               ｈｅ               ｏｒ               ｓｈｅ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｖｅｒｔ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｕｓｅｆｕｌ               ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌ               ｄａｔａ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔｅｄ               ｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｄ               ｉｎ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ.
               2.6               Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               Ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               Ｍａｋｉｎｇ
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ｔｗｏ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ.

Ｆｉｒｓｔ,               ｔｈｅｙ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｉｍｕｌｉ               ｂｙ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ａｒｅ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ               ｏｆ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｒｅ               ｉｓｏｌａｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓ               ｅｌａｂｏｒａｔｅｄ.
               Ｓｅｃｏｎｄｌｙ,               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｐｌａｙｓ               ａ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｐｐｒａｉｓａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ.

Ａｓ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｓｔｉｍｕｌｉ,               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｉｓ               ｏｎｌｙ               ａ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｈｏｌｅ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ａｎｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ:               ｂｏｔｈ               ｆｏｒｍａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｌ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｓ               ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｉｎｇ,               ｄｅｆｉｎｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ               ｏｆ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｒａｒｅｌｙ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｐｕｔ               ｂｏｕｎｄｓ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｄｅａｓ.
               Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ,               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔ               ｔｏ               ｆｏｃｕｓ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ,               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅ,               ａｒｅ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｄｅａｓ               ｏｆ               ｖａｒｉａｎｃｅ               ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               ｂｙ               ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｒｅ               ａｓ               ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｉｎ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｒｅ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｏｎ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａ               ｒａｔｉｏｎａｌ               (Ｈｏｐｗｏｏｄ               1976).

               ＣＨＡＰＴＥＲ               ＴＨＲＥＥ
               3.1               Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ
               Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ               ｉｎ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｑｕｉｓｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ               ｄａｔａ,               ａｎｄ               ａｎａｌｙｚｉｎｇ               ｓａｍｅ               ｂｙ               ｕｓｉｎｇ               ａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｖｅ               ｓｕｒｖｅｙ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎ               ｗａｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｔｕｄｙ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄ               ｗａｓ               ｃｈｏｓｅｎ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｎｗａｎｋｗｏ               (1984),               ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｅｘｉｓｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ.

Ｓｕｒｖｅｙ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｉｖｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｌｏｇｙ,               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｈｅｌｐｓ               ｉｎ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃ               ｄａｔａ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ.
               Ｎｗａｎｋｏｗ               (1984),               ａｓｓｅｒｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｖｅ               ｓｕｒｖｅｙ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔ               ｆａｃｔｕａｌ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｓ               ｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇ               ｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎａ,               ｔｏ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ               ｏｒ               ｊｕｓｔｉｆｙ               ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ,               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ               ｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ               ｗｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｄｏｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ               ｏｒ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               ｐｌａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ.
               3.2               Ｔｈｅ               Ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔｕｄｙ
               Ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｐｌｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓ               7               ＵＢＡ               Ｂａｎｋｓ               ｉｎ               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ,               Ｒｉｖｅｒｓ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｒａｎｄｏｍｌｙ               ｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ               ａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｆｆ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               7               ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ               ｏｆ               ＵＢＡ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｒａｎｄｏｍｌｙ               ｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｍａｎａｇｅｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｃ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌ               ｃｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ.
               3.3               Ｔｈｅ               Ｓａｍｐｌｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｓａｍｐｌｉｎｇ               Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅ
               Ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｏｂｔａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ,               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｒａｎｄｏｍ               ｓａｍｐｌｉｎｇ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄ               ｉｎ               ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎｇ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｆｆ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｎａｇｅｒｓ.
               Ｉｎ               ｅａｃｈ               ｃａｓｅ,               ｅａｃｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｆｆ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｏｎｅ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅ,               ｉｎ               ｅｓｓｅｎｃｅ,               ｔｈｉｒｔｙ               (30)               ｓｔａｆｆ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｅａｃｈ               ｂｒａｎｃｈ               ｏｆ               ＵＢＡ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｂｒｉｎｇｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｓｔａｆｆ               ｔｏ               ｔｗｏ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｎ               (210)               ｓｔａｆｆ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｖｅｎ               (7)               ＵＢＡ               ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ               ｒａｎｄｏｍｌｙ               ｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ.
               Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｂｒａｎｃｈ               ｔｗｏ,               ｍａｎａｇｅｒｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｓｋｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｇｉｖｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ.
               3.4               Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               Ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔ
               Ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｄａｔａ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｄ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｔａｆｆ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｌｉｋｅｒｔ               ｔｙｐｅ.

Ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍａｉｎｌｙ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｅｌｉｃｉｔ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄ               ｏｆ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ＵＢＡ.
               Ｓ/Ｎ
               ＬＩＳＴ               ＯＦ               ＵＢＡ               ＢＡＮＫ               ＵＳＥＤ               ＢＡＮＫＳ               ＢＲＡＮＣＨＥＳ
               1
               147               Ｔｒａｎｓ               Ａｍａｄｉ               Ｂｒａｎｃｈ
               2
               Ｃｈｏｂａ,               Ｕｎｉｐｏｒｔ               Ｂｒａｎｃｈ
               3
               Ｒｉｖｅｒｓ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｓｅｃｒｅｔａｒｉａｌ               Ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ
               4
               Ｏｌｕ               Ｏｂａｓａｎｊｏ               Ｂｒａｎｃｈ
               5
               Ｉｋｗｅｒｒｅ               Ｒｏａｄ               Ｂｒａｎｃｈ
               6
               Ｒｕｍｕｏｋｏｒｏ               Ｂｒａｎｃｈ
               Ａ               ｔｏｔａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｗｏ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｎ               (210)               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｖｅｎ               (7)               ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ               ｏｆ               ＵＢＡ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ａｂｏｖｅ,               ｏｎｌｙ               ｏｎｅ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｆｔｙ               ｓｔａｆｆ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒｓ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               37.5               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ               ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ.
               Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ,               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎｅｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｉｃｋｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｔｅｍｓ.
               3.5               Ｖａｌｉｄａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔ
               Ｔｏ               ｅｎｓｕｒｅ               ｖａｌｉｄｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｇｉｖｅｎ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｌｌｅａｇｕｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｐｅｒｖｉｓｏｒ               ｔｏ               ｖａｌｉｄａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ               ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍａｄｅ.
               Ｔｏ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｖａｌｉｄｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔｓ,               ａ               ｐｒｅｔｅｓｔ               ｗａｓ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｏｕｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｕｔｃｏｍｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｌｉｎｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｈｙｐｏｔｈｅｓｉｓ.
               3.6               Ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔ
               Ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅ               ｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ               ｓｌｉｇｈｔｌｙ               ｔｅｎ               (10)               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｄａｙｓ.

Ｔｏ               ａｌｌｏｗ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｔ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｍｉｎｄｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓ,               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｄｖｉｓｅｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｏ               ｗｒｉｔｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｎａｍｅｓ.
               3.7               Ｄａｔａ               Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               Ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅ
               Ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｏｒ               ｔａｂｕｌａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄａｔａ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅｓ;               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｉ-ｓｑｕａｒｅ,               ｎｏｎ-ｐａｒａｍｅｔｒｉｃ               ｉｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄａｔａ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ               ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ               ｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｐｌｅ.

               ＣＨＡＰＴＥＲ               ＦＯＵＲ
               Ｄａｔａ               Ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ               ｄｅａｌｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ               ｏｆ               ｄａｔａ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ａ               ｃａｓｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｏｆ               ＵＢＡ               ｉｎ               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｔａｂｌｅｓ               ｂｅｌｏｗ               ｓｈｏｗｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ               ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ.

Ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚｅｄ               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ               ｍａｄｅ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓ.
               Ａ               ｔｏｔａｌ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｗｏ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｎ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｅｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｖｅｎ               (7)               ｓａｍｐｌｅｄ               ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ               ｏｆ               ＵＢＡ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｉｎ               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ.

Ｏｎｌｙ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｆｔｙ               (150)               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｂａｃｋ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｆｆ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒｓ.
               Ｎ/Ｂ:
               Ｆｏ               =               Ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄ
               Ｆｅ               =               Ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ
               Ｆｏ-ｆｅ               =               Ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄ               -               ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ
               (ｆｏ-ｆｅ)2               =               (Ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄ               -               ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ)2
               (ｆｏ-ｆｅ)2               =               (Ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄ               -               ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ)2
               Ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ
               Ｔａｂｌｅ               4.1
               Ｈｏｗ               ｄｏｅｓ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ?
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｔｏｔａｌ
               Ｆｏ
               75
               45
               25
               5
               150
               Ｆｅ
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               Ｆｏ-ｆｅ
               37.5
               7.5
               -12.5
               -32.5
               (ｆｏ-ｆｅ)2
               1406.25
               56.25
               -156.25
               -1056.25
               (ｆｏ-ｆｅ)2
               ｆｅ
               37.5
               1.5
               -4.167
               -28.167
               Ｘ2               =               63
               %
               50
               30
               16.7
               3.3
               100%
               Ｃｈｉ-ｓｑｕａｒｅ               ｘ2               ｖａｌｕｅ               =               63
               Ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｖａｌｕｅ               =               7.94
               Ｄｅｇｒｅｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ               =               3
               Ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               =               0.05
               Ｆｒｏｍ               4.1               ｃｈｉ-ｓｑｕａｒｅ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｘ2               ｏｆ               63               ｗａｓ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ａｓ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               3               ｄｅｇｒｅｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ               (ｄｆ)               ａｔ               ａ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｏｆ               7.94               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ａｔ               0.05.
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｉｓ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｇｉｖｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｉｓ               ｔｏ               ａｃｃｅｐｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｃｈｉ-ｓｑｕａｒｅｄ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｉｓ               ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｖａｌｕｅ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｔａｂｌｅ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               75               (50%)               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               ａｇｒｅｅｄ,               45(30%)               ａｇｒｅｅｄ,               25(17%)               ｏｆ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ               ａｎｄ               5(3%)               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｏｎｅ.
               Ｔａｂｌｅ               4.2
               Ｈｏｗ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｐｌａｙｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               &               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｌｉｋｅ               ＵＢＡ?
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｔｏｔａｌ
               Ｆｏ
               100
               30
               15
               5
               150
               Ｆｅ
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               Ｆｏ-ｆｅ
               62.5
               -7.5
               -22.5
               -32.5
               (ｆｏ-ｆｅ)2
               3906.25
               -56.25
               -506.25
               -1056.25
               (ｆｏ-ｆｅ)2
               ｆ
               104.17
               -1.5
               -13.5
               -28.17
               Ｘ2               =               61
               %
               67
               20
               10
               3
               100%
               Ｃｈｉ-ｓｑｕａｒｅ               ｘ2               ｖａｌｕｅ               =               61
               Ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｖａｌｕｅ               =               7.81
               Ｄｅｇｒｅｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ               =               3
               Ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               =               0.05
               Ｆｒｏｍ               4.2               ｃｈｉ-ｓｑｕａｒｅ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｘ2               ｏｆ               61               ｗａｓ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ａｓ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               3               ｄｅｇｒｅｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ               (ｄｆ)               ａｔ               ａ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｏｆ               7.81               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ａｔ               0.05.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｉｓ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｇｉｖｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｉｓ               ｔｏ               ａｃｃｅｐｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｃｈｉ-ｓｑｕａｒｅｄ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｉｓ               ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｖａｌｕｅ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｔａｂｌｅ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               100(67%)               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               ａｇｒｅｅ,               30(20%)               ａｇｒｅｅｄ,               15(10%)               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ               ａｎｄ               5(3%)               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｔｗｏ.
               Ｔａｂｌｅ               4.3
               Ｄｏｅｓ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｉｎ               ＵＢＡ?
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｔｏｔａｌ
               Ｆｏ
               93
               28
               17
               12
               150
               Ｆｅ
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               Ｆｏ-ｆｅ
               55.5
               -9.5
               -20.5
               -25.5
               (ｆｏ-ｆｅ)2
               3080.25
               -90.25
               -420.25
               -650.25
               (ｆｏ-ｆｅ)2
               ｆｅ
               82.14
               -2.406
               -11.207
               -17.34
               Ｘ2               =               51
               %
               62
               18.7
               11.3
               8
               100
               Ｃｈｉ-ｓｑｕａｒｅ               ｘ2               ｖａｌｕｅ               =               51
               Ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｖａｌｕｅ               =               7.81
               Ｄｅｇｒｅｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ               =               3
               Ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               =               0.05
               Ｆｒｏｍ               4.3               ｃｈｉ-ｓｑｕａｒｅ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｘ2               ｏｆ               51               ｗａｓ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ａｓ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               3               ｄｅｇｒｅｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ               (ｄｆ)               ａｔ               ａ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｏｆ               7.81               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ａｔ               0.05.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｉｓ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｇｉｖｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｓｉｓ               ｔｏ               ａｃｃｅｐｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｃｈｉ-ｓｑｕａｒｅ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｉｓ               ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｖａｌｕｅ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｔａｂｌｅ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅ               ｔｈａｔ               93(62%)               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               ａｇｒｅｅｄ,               28(18.7%)               ａｇｒｅｅｄ,               17(11.3%)               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ               ａｎｄ               12(8%)               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｒｅｅ.

               ＣＨＡＰＴＥＲ               ＦＩＶＥ
               5.0               Ｓｕｍｍａｒｙ               Ｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ
               Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓ,               ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               (ｉ.ｅ.

ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ)               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＢＡ               Ｂａｎｋ               ａｓ               ｐｅｒｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｆｆ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ａｌｓｏ               ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｋｓ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｅｍｉｎｅｎｔ               ｓｃｈｏｌａｒｓ,               ｃｉｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ               ｒｅｖｉｅｗ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ,               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               (ＡＡＡ)               ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｉｎｇ,               ｍｅａｓｕｒｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｎｇ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｐｅｒｍｉｔ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍｅｄ               ｊｕｄｇｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ               ｂｙ               ｕｓｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ.
               Ｔａｂｌｅ               4.2               Ｓｈｏｗ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅｓ               ｐｌａｙ               ｂｙ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｈｅｌｐｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ               ｉｔｓ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ａｎｄ               ｌｏｓｓ               ｍａｒｇｉｎ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ               ｍｏｔｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｏｔｈｅｒｓ               ｐｒｅｔｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｎｏｎ-ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ.
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｗｏｒｋｓ               ｃｉｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ               ｒｅｖｉｅｗ.
               Ｔａｂｌｅ               4.3               ａｌｓｏ               ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｍａｒｇｉｎ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｌｉｋｅ               ＵＢＡ,               ａ               ｃａｓｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｉｎ               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ.
               Ｔｈｕｓ               ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｒｅｅ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｓｈａｒｅｈｏｌｄｅｒ               ｉｓ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｋｎｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ａｎｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｃａｎ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｂｅ               ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               ｐｌａｎｓ.
               Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ
               Ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ               ｆｏｕｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｎｏｔｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ａ               ｃａｓｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｏｆ               ＵＢＡ               ｉｎ               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅｄ.
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｎｙ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ａｃｈｉｅｖｅ               ｉｔｓ               ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ               ｍｏｔｉｖｅｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｍａｙ               ｂｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｍａｘｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ｍａｘｉｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｓｈａｒｅｈｏｌｄｅｒｓ               ｆｕｎｄｓ               ｅｔｃ.

               ＡＰＰＥＮＤＩＸ               Ｉ
               Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ,
               Ｆａｃｕｌｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,
               Ｗｏｌｅｘ               Ｐｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃ               Ｌａｇｏｓ,
               Ｉｎ               Ａｆｆｉｌｉａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐａｎ               Ａｆｒｉｃａｎ,
               Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ               ｏｆ               Ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ               &               Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ
               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ.
               9ｔｈ               Ｏｃｔｏｂｅｒ,               2011.
               Ｄｅａｒ               Ｓｉｒ/Ｍａｄａｍ,
               Ａｔｔａｃｈｅｄ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｅｌｉｃｉｔ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｏｆ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               &               Ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ａ               ｃａｓｅ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｏｆ               ＵＢＡ               Ｐｏｒｔ               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ.
               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｉｓ               ｕｎｄｅｒｔａｋｅｎ               ａｓ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｉａｌ               ｆｕｌｆｉｌｌｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ａｗａｒｄ               ｏｆ               ＯＮＤ               ｉｎ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ,               ａｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｎｙ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｙｏｕ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｋｅｐｔ               ｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ.
               Ｉ               ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ,               ｓｏｌｉｃｉｔ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｍａｘｉｍｕｍ               ｃｏ-ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｓｔｕｄｙ.

Ｐｌｅａｓｅ               ｔｉｃｋ               (               )               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｘ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｇｒｅｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｅｘｃｅｐｔ               ｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅ.
               Ｙｏｕｒｓ               ｆａｉｔｈｆｕｌｌｙ,
               Ｎｋａｍａ               Ｈａｐｐｉｎｅｓｓ

               ＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨ               ＱＵＥＳＴＩＯＮ               Ｉ
               Ｈｏｗ               ｄｏｅｓ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               &               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ?
               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ
               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｄｏｅｓ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｂａｎｋ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｍａｄｅ               ｅａｃｈ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｏｒ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｄａｙ.
               Ｈｏｗ               ｌｏｎｇ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｉｔ               ｔａｋｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｂｓｉｄｉａｒｙ               ｂｏｏｋｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｄｇｅｒ               ｅ.ｇ.

Ｉ               ｄａｙ               ｏｒ               ｌｅｓｓ,               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               ｏｎｅ               ｖｉｅｗ,               ｌｅｓｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ａ               ｗｅｅｋ,               ｎｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｍ.
               Ｄｏ               ｙｏｕ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｏｒ               ｉｔ'ｓ               ｄｏｎｅ               ｂｙ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｂａｎｋ
               ＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨ               ＱＵＥＳＴＩＯＮ               ＩＩ
               Ｈｏｗ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅｓ               ｐｌａｙｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｓ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ?
               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ
               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｄｏｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｓ               ａｎ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｄａｉｌｙ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓ.
               Ｄｏ               ｙｏｕ               ｈａｖｅ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｈｏｗｓ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ａｎｄ               ｌｏｓｓｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｂａｎｋ.
               Ｈｏｗ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｄｏ               ｙｏｕ               ｍａｋｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ.

ｅ.ｇ.

ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｄａｙ,               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｗｅｅｋ,               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｍｏｎｔｈ,               ｎｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ.
               Ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｄｏ               ｙｏｕ               ｋｅｅｐ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｉｎ               ｂａｎｋ?

ｅ.ｇ.

ｉｎ               ａ               ｓａｍｅ               ｐｌａｃｅ,               ａｎｙ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ               ｐｌａｃｅ,               ａｎｙ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ               ｅｔｃ.
               Ａｒｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｂａｎｋ?
               ＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨ               ＱＵＥＳＴＩＯＮ               ＩＩＩ
               Ｄｏｅｓ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ＵＢＡ               ｂａｎｋ?
               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ
               Ａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｌｙ               Ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｄ
               Ｗｈｅｎ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅ-ｖｉｅｗｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｂａｎｋ,               ｄｏｅｓ               ｉｔ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｏｒ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｒ               ｍａｋｅ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｒｉｎｇｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ?
               Ｄｏｅｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｂａｎｋ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｒ               ｄｏ               ａｇｒｅｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｃａｎ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｐｒｏｆｉｔ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ.
               Ｄｏｅｓ               ａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｉｎ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｂａｎｋ               ｈａｖｅ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ               ｏｒ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｆｏｒｍａｌｉｔｙ               ｓｅｅｋ.

               ＲＥＦＥＲＥＮＣＥ
               Ａ.Ａ.

Ｃａｌｌａｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｍ.

Ｊ.

Ｒｙｄｅｒ,               Ａ.

Ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               Ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｍａｌｍｉｌｌａｎ               1977.
               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               Ｔｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ               Ｂｕｌｌｅｔｉｎ               Ｆｉｎａｌ               Ｅｄｉｔｉｏｎ,               (1961).

Ｐ.

9
               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ,               Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               ｏｆ               Ｂａｓｉｃ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ,               (Ｅｖａｎｓｔｏｍ,               111:Ａ.Ａ.Ａ.

1966),               Ｐ.

1.
               Ａ               Ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｂａｓｉｃ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ
               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ,               Ａ               Ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｂａｓｉｃ               Ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌ.
               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅｒ               Ｎｏｂｅｓ:               ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               Ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ,               Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ               Ａｌｌｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｗｉｎ               Ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ,               (1980)               Ｐ.

1.
               Ｄ.

Ａ.

Ｎｙａｒｋｏ:               Ａｎ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｕａｌ               Ｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋ               ｏｆ               Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ,               Ｒｉｖｅｒｓ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｐｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ,               1992.

ｐ.

6
               Ｄｏｎａｌｄ               Ｅ.

Ｋｉｅｓｏ               ａｎｄ               Ｊｅｒｒｙ               Ｊ.

Ｗｅｙｇａｎｄｔ,               Ｉｎｔｅｒｍｉｄｉａｔｅ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ,               2ｎｄ               ｅｄｉｔｉｏｎ.
               Ｅｖａｎｓｔｏｎ,               Ｉ.

Ｕ.

Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ,               (1966).

Ｐ.

1.
               Ｆｒｅｄｒｉｃｋ               Ｈ.

ＷＵ:               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               (Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ)               Ｊａｐａｎ               ＭＣ               Ｇｒａｗ               Ｈｉｌｌ               Ｉｎｃ,               1983.

Ｐ.

Ａ.
               Ｇ.

Ａ.

Ｌｅｅ,               Ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               Ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               2ｎｄ               ｅｄｉｔｉｏｎ,               Ｐ.

Ｉ.
               Ｉｂｉｄ
               Ｋｏｔｌｅｒ,               ＥＲＩＣＫ               ａ               ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ               ｆｏｒ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｎｔｓ.
               Ｒ.

Ｊ.

Ｂｕｌｋ,               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               Ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ,               Ｃｈａｔｈａｎ,               Ｂｕｔｈｅｒｗｏｒｔｈｓ               Ｍａｃｋｅｙ               ｏｆ               Ｃｈａｔｈａｎ               Ｐｌｃ.

1984.

ｐ.

8.
               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｍ.

Ｍｅｔｃａｌｆ               ａｎｄ               Ｐｉｅｒｒｅ               Ｌ.

Ｔｉｔａｒｄ,               Ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ.
               Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄ               Ｗ.

Ｍｅｌｅｌａｌｆ               ａｎｄ               Ｐｉｅｒｅ               Ｌ.

Ｔｉｔａｒｄ,               Ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ.
               Ｙｏｒｋ:               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ               ｏｆ               Ｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｅｄ               Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇ               Ｐ.

40.

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