레이블이 What Is Public Accounting인 게시물을 표시합니다. 모든 게시물 표시
레이블이 What Is Public Accounting인 게시물을 표시합니다. 모든 게시물 표시

2013년 11월 29일 금요일

About 'certified public accounts'|...it. A recent white paper issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants discusses how accountants should act in due diligence...







About 'certified public accounts'|...it. A recent white paper issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants discusses how accountants should act in due diligence...








               ABSTRACT
               A               case               study               of               UBA               in               Port               Harcourt,               Rivers               State.

The               roles               are               studied               through               staff               view               of               certain               attributes               that               coming               together               to               shape               the               accounting               and               record               keeping               in               a               profit               organizations               like               UBA.

The               instruments               used               include               structured               questionnaire               in               form               of               scale               and               the               chi-square               was               used               to               analyzed               the               data               collected.

The               study               ascertain               that               the               roles               of               accounting               and               record               keeping               in               any               organization               whether               it               is               profit               organization               or               non               profit               organization               cannot               be               over               emphasized.

Thus               this               result               shows               that               keeping               effective               accounting               record               was               a               source               of               high               profit               for               banks               like               UBA.

However,               it               does               not               necessarily               mean               keeping               accounting               records               results               on               equal               profit,               but               banks               that               do               keep               equate               accounting               system               make               profit               which               were               tested               in               the               research               questions/hypothesis               and               the               results               were               significance,               thus               confirms               the               opinion               in               the               research               question               1,               2               and               3.
               CHAPTER               ONE
               Overview
               This               research               project               involves               the               study               and               review               of               the               accounting               system               of               a               typical               bank               UBA               Bank               Plc               Port               -               Harcourt               branch.

The               term               accounting               system               refers               to               "THE               PRINCIPLES               METHODS               AND               PROCEDURES,               relating               to               the               incidences.
               Classification               recording               and               reporting               of               the               transactions               of               an               organization               in               a               monetary               term.
               In               an               organization               like               the               bank               under               reference,               activities               entered               into               should               be               properly               monitored,               controlled,               and               above               all               proper               and               accurate               records               be               kept               for               it.

In               a               side               to               make               this,               demarcation               and               differences               and               purpose               of               their               records               should,               as               a               matter               of               importance,               be               considered,               different               records               serve               basically               different               purposes,               record               that               are               either               financial               or               non               financial               in               nature.
               The               incorporation               of               their               records               into               one               book               is               not               satisfactory.

Also               in               time               with               the               above,               since               the               banking               industry               is               such               that               is               lopsided               with               competent               personnel,               authority,               responsibility               and               accountability               must               be               well               defined.
               Generally               organization               system               should               serve               the               same               purpose               in               different               organization,               profit               or               non-profit               organization.

It               is               an               indisputable               fact               that               if               an               organization,               like               that               of               the               bank,               is               to               communicate               financial               information,               it               must               have               the               ability               to               collect               and               appropriately               arrange               the               necessary               data.

This               requires               the               development               of               a               process               for               making               bit               of               information               (input)               and               converting               them               into               meaningful               reports               (output).
               The               systematic               process               followed               by               organization               in               accumulating               and               reporting               its               financial               information               is               what               should               be               considered               as               the               "Accounting               system"               of               such               organization.

The               types               of               an               accounting               system               used               by               an               organization               depends               on               the               information               needed.
               A               good               accounting               system               adopted               by               banks               must               be               extremely               flexible               and               capable               of               being               tailored               to               its               requirement.

There               is,               therefore,               no               single               accounting               system               to               be               followed               all               organization               including               banks,               for               clarity               of               understanding               and               comprehension,               what               details               about               the               accounting               system               what               it               entails,               have               been               outlined.
               According               to               Eric               H.

Kower,               in               his               dictionary               of               accounting               4th               edition,               wrote:               "Accounting               system               is               the               classification               of               accounts,               form,               procedures,               and               control               by               which               assets,               liabilities,               revenues,               expenses,               and               the               results               of               transaction               generally               are               recorded               and               contrived".
               Every               organization               that               accounts               for               its               daily               transaction               in               whatever               from               manner,               procedure,               and               controls               the               recording               of               other               transaction               is               said               to               have               maintained               an               accounting               system.

The               problem               of               creating               an               accounting               system               is               considered               not               a               problem.
               The               basic               aim               of               any               organization               is               to               strive               and               achieve               its               objectively               in               order               to               accomplish               these               successfully;               certain               records               and               accounts               are               indispensable               for               future               projection               purposes.

Every               organization               strength               and               weaknesses               are               expressed               in               financial               terms,               in               order               to               be               able               to               decide               on               strategies               to               employ               either               for               improvement               or               progress.

However,               for               case               of               comprehension,               organization               needs               a               good               accounting               and               records               for               so               many               reasons.
               A               practical               workable               accounting               system               for               organization               bank               takes               those               organizations               out               of               the               haphazard,               unregimented               category               and               raised               it               to               the               level               of               a               going               concern               and               work               whole               undertaking               deserving               the               respect               of               a               completive               organization.

Also,               a               good               accounting               system               and               records               for               the               banks               eliminates               much               friction               often               present               in               such               industry               by               clearly               showing               how               much               comes               in,               where               it               went,               what               is               left               (assets)               and               what               was               accomplished               in               the               whole               process.

This               will               monitor               and               build               ones               mine               to               make               choices               arrange               alternatives               cause               of               action.

The               accounting               system               makes               it               imperative               to               spot               out               inefficient               operation               effectively               through               proper               allocation               expenses               in               relation               to               income.
               Therefore,               it               is               the               intention               of               this               project               to               ascertain               proper               whether               UBA               Bank               has               a               proper               accounting               system,               and               with               the               bank               as               case               study               ascertain               the               banking               industry.
               The               study               will               focus               on               the               various               sub-system               that               operate               in               the               accounting               of               the               bank.

Accounting               data               or               information               are               a               vital               part               in               the               decision               making               process               within               an               organization.

Consequently,               the               study               will               strive               to               identify               the               factors               that               influences               the               generation               of               usefully               accounting               information               in               the               industry.
               The               project               will               also               look               into               any               problem(s)               that               militate               against               efficient               operation               and               seek               solutions               to               their               problem               in               order               to               improve               the               system.
               1.1               Statement               of               the               Problem
               Accounting               for               banks               is               a               topic,               which               has               generally               being               rejected               by               the               accounting               profession.

These               follows               banks               strict               operation               in               accounting               to               certain               principles,               methods               and               procedures.

It               is               no               exception               saying               that               the               accounting               system               and               records               are               also               matters               of               controversy               however               banks               could               be               faced               with               such               problem               arising               from               so               many               sources               which               inevitably               influences               their               accounting               system               and               records.
               Considered               from               this               perspective               there               could               be               problem               of               internal               friction               of               authority.

In               this               wise,               management               must               ensure               that               the               information,               needed               is               supplied               by               the               person               communion               to               do               it               accurately               and               time,               and               of               course               economically,               banks               having               being               fully               incorporated               to               carryout               the               business               of               banking               must               follow               strictly,               in               initiating               and               maintaining               book-keeping               system               and               where               it               subsists,               an               instruction               giving               to               officer               concern               by               the               management               or               a               superior               officer               responsible               for               this               role.

Unfortunately               many               banks               suffer               the               problem               of               inconsistencies               in               maintain               records               system               due               to               frequent               changes               of               officers.
               The               personal               contact               in               getting               up               and               maintaining               effective               accounting               system               in               probably               more               essential               than               in               the               friend               if               accosting.

This               means               that               it               is               dependent               upon               successful               personal               relationship               with               member               of               such               organization               that               actuate               data               to               the               management               are               sourced.
               Also,               considered               of               adverse               influence               is               the               result               of               change               which               are               conventionally               adopted               monthly               by               banks               officer               or               government               board               on               bank               are               subjected               to               change               annually               with               little               or               no               procedure               adopted               for               the               growth               of               banks               a               situation               that               discourage               continuity.
               1.2               Research               Question
               The               study               is               carried               out               to               provide               answers               to               the               following               questions.
               1.

How               does               accounting               and               record               keeping               affects               an               organization.
               2.

How               does               the               role               played               by               accounting               and               record               keeping               affects               profit               organization               like               UBA.
               3.

Does               proper               record               keeping               increase               profitability               in               UBA.
               1.3               Hypothesis
               Ho:               There               is               no               positive               and               significant               relation               between               effective               accounting               and               records               management               and               profitability               level.
               HI:               There               is               positive               and               significant               relation               between               effective               accounting               and               records               management               and               profitability               level.
               The               Objective               of               the               Study
               1.

To               ascertain               whether               UBA               Bank               (Nig)               Plc               Port               Harcourt               branch               has               a               proper               accounting               system.
               2.

To               ascertain               the               nature               of               accounting               and               record               keeping               in               the               banking.
               3.

To               identify               and               highlight               the               factors               that               influence               the               generation               of               useful               accounting               information               in               the               industry;               and
               4.

To               seek               ways               to               improve               the               accounting               and               record               management               in               the               banking               industry.
               The               UBA               Bank               Nigeria               Plc               is               a               commercial               bank               with               head               office               in               Abuja               and               well               over               15               branches               extending               to               most               commercial               cities               in               the               Nigeria               federation.

The               bank               is               a               regional               bank               for               the               West               African               sub-region               with               few               shareholders               in               Nigeria               and               other               African               countries.
               The               bank               was               establish               in               1988               and               become               operation               in               1990               with               purely               on               regional               setting               and               to               add               life               to               the               highly               demanding               financial               requirement               of               the               economy               of               West               African               states               with               total               deposits               of               about               N4.6               billion               in               1998,               the               UBA               Bank               is               regarded               as               one               of               the               few               most               vibrant               and               dynamic               bank               we               have               in               Nigerian               banking               industry.
               The               study               is               therefore               being               carryout               on               the               assumption               that               the               book               particularly               that               of               the               UBA               Bank               Plc               whose               system               of               accounting               in               being               studied.

This               is               more               so               in               the               light               of               increasing               cases               of               fraud               and               distress               associated               with               banks               in               Nigerian.

The               project               will               also               serve               as               a               useful               reference               material               for               many               one               who               might               want               to               make               further               research               into               the               subject               or               related               ones.
               The               data               collection               method               adopted               were               mainly               questionnaires               and               person               interviews.

The               return               and               published               accounting               of               the               bank               were               also               observed               in               the               study.
               1.5               Scope               of               Study               This               research               work               is               made               of               five               chapters,               each               of               it               is               designed               to               elect               a               vital               information               from               the               respondents               on               the               problems               of               accounting               &               record               keeping               in               profit               organizations               a               case               study               of               UBA               in               Port               Harcourt.
               1.6               Significance               of               the               Study
               The               research               will               be               usefully               in               the               immediate               beneficiaries,               i.e.

the               bank               which               the               research               is               conducted               namely,               UBA               Bank               (UBA               Bank               Plc)               Port               Harcourt               branch.
               This               is               so,               because               it               is               clearly               indisputable               face               that               any               organization               that               has               no               effective               accounting               system               and               record               management               will               not               know               how               to               operate.

Its               important               cannot,               therefore,               be               overemphasized.

The               banks               have               their               various               forms               of               saving               fund               either               through               coins               or               overdrafts.

It               will,               therefore,               be               unsatisfactory               if               all               income               realized               by               banks               are               qualified               on               single               accounting               head.
               That               is               an               inconsistency               and               unsatisfactory               way               of               accounting               and               recording.

It               should               be               noted               that               incorrect               accounting               system               and               records               presuppose               wrong               result.

Hence,               the               need               for               accurate               accounting               records               and               system.
               The               research               with               no               doubt,               insight               students               (researchers)               to               relive               into               more               research               in               this               area               of               accounting.

This               is               so               because               many               writers,               even               the               professional               accounting               bodies               also               neglected               this               aspect               of               accounting.

Because               of               this               reason,               so               many               interested               student               researchers               will               try               to               find               solution               to               the               bank               accounting.
               Further               research               should               border               on               the               improvement               and               uniformity               of               accounting               system               for               banks.

Also               another               are               interest               that               will               aid               further               research               to               bank               accounting               and               records               keeping               in               "An               approach               to               bank               accounting               audit"               this               is               the               research               mind               another               interesting               area               of               research               that               has               not               been               derived               into               by               researchers.
               1.7               Definition               of               Terms
               Accounting:               The               system               of               recording               and               summarizing               business               and               financial               transaction               and               analyzing,               verifying               and               reporting.
               Record               Keeping:               It               is               the               act               of               recording               and               keeping               of               information               for               business               transactions               in               a               monitory               terms,               in               other               to               help               the               owners               of               business               determine               the               financial               position               of               the               business.
               Profit:               The               money               that               you               make               in               business               or               by               selling               things,               especially               after               paying               the               cost               involved.
               Organization:               A               group               of               people               who               form               a               business               club,               etc               together               in               order               to               achieve               a               particular               aim.
               UBA:               United               Bank               African
               1.8               Limitation               of               Study
               Research               of               this               nature               requires               that               the               research               student               gets               bank               the               questionnaires               in               time               so               that               the               award               be               able               to               give               adequate               time               for               proper               analysis               of               his               data.

However,               the               major               immolation               comes               from               the               delay               in               collecting               bank               questionnaire               from               the               banks               official.

Also               the               cost               of               running               the               entire               exercise               is               something               that               greatly               affected               this               research.

               CHAPTER               TWO
               Literature               Review
               From               the               time               of               the               earliest               business               formation               to               the               present               day,               it               is               not               unlikely               that               before               and               organization               commences               it               operations,               a               firmly               established               and               well               constituted               accounting               department               is               made               available               and               changed               with               the               sole               responsibility               of               keeping               accurate               financial               records               of               all               the               organizations               under               taking               and               provide               information               effecting               the               "true"               state               of               the               business               as               and               when               required.
               Not               only               that               such               accounting               department               is               expected               to               furnish               to               the               relevant               authorities               or               interested               users,               accounting               information               relating               to               the               financial               transaction               of               the               business               that               will               enhance               sound               making.

Accounting               is               that               part               recording,               classifying               and               summarizing               in               a               significant               manner               and               in               terms               of               money               transaction               and               events               which               are               in               part               at               least               of               a               financial               character               and               interpreting               the               results               thereof.

I               the               American               Accounting               Association               (AAA)               also               provides               the               following               definition:
               Accounting               is               the               process               of               identifying,               measure               and               communicating               economic               information               to               permit               informed               judgment               and               decision               by               users               of               the               information.
               It               is               evident               form               the               proceeding               definitions               that               accounting               with               communication               information               about               economic               entities               to               interested               person               and               that               this               involves               the               recording               and               interpretation               of               such               information.

The               analysis               and               recording               of               transactions               is               referred               to               as               "Book-keeping"               is               an               essential               function               of               accounting               because               what               gets               recorded               initially               influences               what               information               that               is               eventually               reported.
               At               accounting               is               synonymous               to               business,               every               individual,               organization               and               institution               engaging               in               some               economic               feature,               make               decision               that               require               accounting               information.

These               decisions               can               be               summarized               as               follows:
               1.

Financial               Decision:               deciding               what               amounts               of               capital               are               needed               for               the               business               and               the               source               by               which               they               can               be               obtained.

2.

Resource               Allocation               Decision:               Deciding               how               best               the               capital               obtained               into               be               invested               such               as               the               amount               invested               in               machinery,               stock               etc.

so               as               to               yield               earnings.

3.

Production               Decision:               Deciding               what               products               are               to               be               produced               by               what               means               and               when.

4.

Marketing               Decision:               Setting               prices               and               advertising               budgets               determining               where               a               firm               markets               are,               and               how               they               are               to               be               reached.

These               decisions               are               not               only               confined               to               business               tycoons,               the               environmental               activities               which               dictates               and               transfer               these               decision               to               its               inhabitants               in               one               way               or               the               other.

We               live               in               an               era               of               accountability               and               therefore,               in               one               form               or               the               other               on               an               almost               daily               basis.

The               federal               and               state               government               use               accounting               information               (accounting               related               information)               as               a               basis               for               controlling               their               resource               and               measuring               their               accomplishment.
               On               the               individual               level,               some               knowledge               of               accounting               is               exhibited               whether               knowingly               or               unknowingly               by               every               individual               in               order               to               act               prudently               to               meet               the               challenges               of               the               society.

Often,               an               individual               must               supply               personal               accounting               information               in               order               to               buy               a               car               or               home               etc.
               2.1               The               Development               of               Accounting
               The               history               of               accounting               is               an               interesting               one.

Accounting               is               a               very               ancient               art.

Archeological               investigation               shows               that               when               a               sophisticated               and               organized               society               has               developed               some               form               of               accounting               has               been               present.
               Accounting               developed               gradually.

At               the               beginning               of               the               mercantile               era               of               the               early               trading,               people               undertook               various               voyages               for               purposes               of               trading               and               exploration.

The               need               was               felt               early               for               proper               record               keeping               for               these               ventures.

Each               voyage               or               journey               was               regarded               as               a               venture.

The               records               kept               were               very               rudimentary               based               on               the               limited               experience               of               the               voyagers.
               Prior               to               these,               there               was               the               English               memorial               system               in               feudal               England               by               which               masters               bestowed               certain               properties               of               their               servants               who               were               expected               to               account               for               them               at               the               end               of               a               specified               period.

Keeping               of               accounts               had               always               been               part               of               an               ordered               society,               "giving               accounting"               has               always               been               the               duty               of               chancellors               and               stewards               and               "auditing               (or               hearing)               of               accounts               had               been               a               requirement               of               kings               and               barons               (of               the               realms               and               latest               of               industries).
               During               this               time,               most               business               organization               were               owned               and               financed               by               one               person               or               by               some               few               individuals.

The               size               of               management               of               business               enterprises               was               very               shallow               too.

The               early               records               had               no               basis               or               set               of               principle               underlying               them.

Eventually,               people               started               linking               about               what               to               do               to               improve               and               systematize               the               recording               of               the               transaction               they               engage               in.
               This               led               to               the               development               of               accounting               concept               and               principles.

Some               changes               occurred,               but               there               was               continuity,               people               did               not               throw               always               the               previous               concepts.
               One               man               who               influences               the               development               of               accounting               principles               was               Luca               Pacioli               and               Italian               Monk               and               Mathematician.

He               published               book               (known               briefly               as               the               summa)               in               1499               in               which               he               described               the               principles               of               double               entry               as               practiced               by               Italian               merchant.

This               is               the               known               book               of               accounting.
               Shortly               before               Pacioli               Publication,               America               was               discovered               by               Christopher               Columbus               and               that               event               opened               exploration               to               the               new               world.

The               upsurge               in               trade               that               followed               this               discovery               helped               the               development               of               accounting.

People               looked               for               more               reliable               ways               for               recording               and               accounting               for               their               trading               transaction               the               advent               of               limited               liability               (or               joint               stock               companies)               and               later,               the               industrial               revolution               accelerated               the               pace               of               development.
               The               development               of               limited               liability               brought               about               a               divorce               between               ownership               and               management               of               business               enterprise,               which               created               the               need               for               independent               assessment               of               the               accounts               as               regards               their               being               "true               and               fair"               hence               the               emergence               of               auditor.

At               this               time               and               until               the               17th               century,               accounting               was               mostly               regarded               as               or               serving               the               purpose               of               stewardship.
               On               the               other               hand               the               industrial               resolution               created               more               analysis               in               the               field               of               accounting.

As               business               organizations               grew               in               size               and               complexity               more               accounting               information               was               felt.

It               is               interesting               to               note               that               accounting               was               introduced               into               Nigeria               by               British               merchants.
               A               few               Nigerians               showed               interest               in               the               accounting               profession               and               were               trained               by               the               British               both               locally               and               abroad.

In               1960,               a               few               young               Nigerian,               which               metamorphosed               into               the               Institute               of               Chartered               Accountants               of               Nigeria               (ICAN)               in               1965,               established               by               Act               no               15               of               1975.
               2.2               Accounting               Defined
               Accounting               is               a               subject               whose               activities               are               very               wide               and               whose               areas               of               specialization               are               many.

Hence,               many               authors               and               institution               have               defined               accounting               in               many               different               ways.

However,               something               seemed               to               be               identical               in               almost               all               the               definitions.
               The               American               Accounting               Association               defined               Accounting               as               the               process               of               identifying,               measuring               and               communication               economic               information               to               permit               informed               judgment               and               decision               by               the               user               of               the               information.

The               emphasis               of               the               definition               is               that               the               major               job               of               accounting               is               to               provide               information               for               the               judgments               and               decision               of               those               who               use               the               information.
               The               Accounting               Principle               Board               (APB)               of               the               American               institute               of               certified               public               account               defined               accounting               as               a               service               activity,               its               function               is               to               provide               quantitative               information               primarily               financial               in               nature               about               economic               entities               that               is               intended               to               be               useful               in               making               economic               decision               in               making               reasoned               choices               among               alternative               course               of               action.

In,               this               definition,               they               see               accounting               as               'goal               oriented"               and               emphasizes               economic               decision               making               activities               rather               than               recording,               identifying,               summarizing               and               the               interpreting               process               of               accounting.
               2.3               Importance               of               Accounting
               The               importance               of               accounting               can               be               view               from               the               function,               which               it               performs.

Accounting               to               Lallan               and               Ryder               "Accounting               incorporates               four               main               functional               area:               communication,               measurement,               control               and               decision               making".
               Accounting               as               a               means               of               communication               involves,               the               submission               of               reports               whether               written               or               verbal               to               various               interested               parties.

Internal               reports               are               made               for               management               to               reveal               the               way               the               organization               is               function               and               what               is               going               on               within               it.

For               example,               the               chief               executive               of               a               company               require               the               service               of               accounting               report               to               understand               what               goes               on               in               distant               branches               since               it               cannot               personally               monitor               and               apprise               the               activities               of               such               branches.

External               report               and               accounts               are               made               for               those               who               have               an               interest               in               the               organization               but               do               not               partake               in               its               management.

These               persons               include               collector.

Creditors               and               shareholder               man               in               a               world               of               scarce               mean's               and               try               to               conserve               the               available               resources,               sue               them               effective               and               to               identify               and               encourage               those               who               can               make               efficient               use               of               these               resources.
               Accounting               recognizes               this               facts               and               therefore               measures               the               efficiency               of               the               operation               and               performance               of               an               organization               or               enterprise.

The               means               of               measurement               involves               two               distinct               parts:               the               money               invested               in               the               business               (capital)               and               the               money               generated               through               a               trading               operation               (revenue).
               Accounting               serves               as               a               means               of               controlling               the               operation               of               a               business               especially,               where               it               is               located               in               different               places.

For               instance,               an               organization               may               use               accounts               to               record               and               determine               the               value               of               assets               such               as               cash               or               stock               that               the               branch               ought               to               have.

And               where               its               operation               are               very               expensive,               the               business               may               require               special               accounts               to               control               the               total               amount               of               its               debtor               and               creditors.
               2.4               The               Need               for               an               Accounting               System               The               basic               purse               of               accounting               is               to               communicate               financial               information               about               an               entity               to               the               various               interest               bodies.

To               prevent               such               information               the               organization               or               enterprise               must               be               able               to               collect               and               appropriately               arrange               the               necessary               data.

This               itself               would               entail               the               "development               of               a               process               for               bits               of               information               or               inputs               and               converting               them               into               meaningful               report               (out               put).
               This               process               adopted               by               a               firm               in               gathering               and               reporting               its               financial               information               is               described               as               an               accounting               system.
               Thus,               for               an               organization               to               benefit               adequately               from               accounting               various               functions               of               communication,               control,               measurement               and               decision               making               -               it               must               devise               a               proper               method               for               recording               and               reporting               its               transaction               lee               buttresses               this               fact               when               he               says               'their               usefulness               (accounting               system)               for               various               purpose               -               intern               control               of               organization               management               information,               appraisal               of               an               undertaking               and               so               forth               is               a               function               of               the               extent               to               which               they               are               classified               and               arranged               within.
               Nurture               and               the               amount               of               financial               information               required               by               management               and               sometimes               extend               to               the               setting               up               of               one               or               more               accounting               sub-systems               within               the               main               system               such               its               division               into               financial               and               costing.

Subsystem               or               the               keeping               of               self               contained               account               at               branches.
               In               other               words,               the               output               of               an               account               system               dictate               the               manner               in               which               information               is               to               be               accumulated.
               2.5               Accounting               Information
               Accounting               information               has               been               defined               as               all               the               statistical               data               that               will               assist               users               in               assessing               the               financial               liquidity,               profitability               and               viability               of               the               reporting               entity.

Modern               accounting               is               widely               recognized               as               a               basic               component               of               business               management.
               Accounting               is               the               means               by               which               managers'               arte               informed               of               the               financial               status               and               progress               of               other               companies,               thus               contributing               to               the               continuing               process               of               planning,               controlling               of               operations               and               decision               making               accounting               provides               method               of               systematically               recording               and               evaluating               business               activities.

A               large               portion               of               the               information               that               a               business               manager               requires               is               derived               from               accounting               data.

The               ability               to               analyses               and               use               this               data               help               managers               accomplish               their               objectives               (Walgenbach               et               al               1980).
               Virtually,               all               business               organization               has               been               for               keep               accounting               records               are               the               manager               is               confronted               with               a               multitude               of               complex               variable               in               a               situation               like               this,               a               manager               cannot               be               sufficiently               information.
               Business               activities               just               by               observing               daily               operation.

Instead,               he               or               she               must               depend               on               the               accounting               process               to               convert               business               transaction               into               useful               statistical               data               that               can               be               abstracted               summarized               in               accounting               reports.
               2.6               Function               of               Accounting               in               Decision               Making
               Accounting               system               services               two               principal               purposes               in               the               decision               making               process.

First,               they               provide               some               of               the               stimuli               by               which               problem               are               both               recognized               and               defined               and               the               alternative               course               of               action               are               isolated               and               their               consequences               elaborated.
               Secondly,               accounting               plays               a               role               in               the               analysis               and               appraisal               of               the               alternative.

As               problem               stimuli,               accounting               system               is               only               a               part               of               the               whole               complex               of               information               in               any               organization:               both               formal               and               informal               which               is               relevant               for               recognizing,               defining               and               mounding               alternative               course               of               action               and               it               is               rarely               possible               to               put               bounds               sources               of               ideas.
               It               is               possible,               however               to               design               information               system               which               specifically               attempt               to               focus               management               attention,               measures               financial               and               otherwise,               are               designed               to               do               just               this               and               the               ideas               of               variance               analysis               and               management               by               exception               which               are               as               essential               and               influential               in               accounting               are               found               on               such               a               rational               (Hopwood               1976).

               CHAPTER               THREE
               3.1               Methodology
               Research               methodology               in               accounting               involve               the               acquisition               of               relevant               data,               and               analyzing               same               by               using               appropriate               technique.
               The               descriptive               survey               research               design               was               used               for               study.

This               method               was               chosen               because               according               to               Nwankwo               (1984),               analyzed               and               interpret               the               conditions               that               existed               in               the               study.

Survey               research               is               a               distinctive               research               methodology,               as               it               helps               in               systematic               data               collection.
               Nwankow               (1984),               asserted               that               the               purpose               of               descriptive               survey               research               is               to               collect               factual               information               that               describes               existing               phenomena,               to               identify               problems               or               justify               current               condition               and               practices,               to               make               comparison               evaluation               and               determine               what               they               are               doing               with               similar               problems               or               situation               and               benefits               from               their               experience               in               making               future               plans               and               decisions.
               3.2               The               Population               of               the               Study
               The               sample               used               for               this               study               involves               7               UBA               Banks               in               Port               Harcourt,               Rivers               State               which               were               randomly               selected.
               The               population               of               this               study               includes               all               the               staff               in               the               7               branches               of               UBA               banks               randomly               selected               and               their               managers.

These               banks               were               selected               because               they               are               in               the               strategic               positions               in               the               capital               city               of               Port               Harcourt.
               3.3               The               Sample               and               Sampling               Technique
               For               the               purpose               of               obtaining               the               relevant               information               for               the               study,               the               researcher               used               random               sampling               method               in               selecting               both               the               staff               and               managers.
               In               each               case,               each               of               the               staff               responded               to               one               questionnaire,               in               essence,               thirty               (30)               staff               were               selected               in               each               branch               of               UBA.

This               brings               the               number               of               staff               to               two               hundred               and               ten               (210)               staff               from               the               seven               (7)               UBA               branches               randomly               selected.
               In               the               selected               branch               two,               managers               were               asked               to               give               information               about               their               method               of               their               accounting               and               record               keeping.
               3.4               Research               Instrument
               The               instrument               used               for               data               collection               is               the               structured               questionnaire               for               staff,               which               was               in               the               form               of               likert               type.

Certain               question               were               mainly               designed               to               elicit               information               from               the               respondent               on               the               method               of               accounting               and               record               keeping               in               UBA.
               S/N
               LIST               OF               UBA               BANK               USED               BANKS               BRANCHES
               1
               147               Trans               Amadi               Branch
               2
               Choba,               Uniport               Branch
               3
               Rivers               State               Secretarial               Complex
               4
               Olu               Obasanjo               Branch
               5
               Ikwerre               Road               Branch
               6
               Rumuokoro               Branch
               A               total               of               two               hundred               and               ten               (210)               questionnaires               were               distributed               in               the               seven               (7)               branches               of               UBA               state               above,               only               one               hundred               and               fifty               staff               responded               and               returns               theirs.

This               account               for               37.5               of               the               original               distribution.
               Although,               there               were               some               of               respondents               that               returned               their               questionnaire               which               were               not               used               due               to               inconsistency               in               ticking               in               some               of               the               items.
               3.5               Validation               of               Instrument
               To               ensure               validity               of               the               research               instrument,               the               questionnaire               were               given               to               colleagues               and               the               supervisor               to               validate               and               the               necessary               corrections               were               made.
               To               further               establish               the               validity               and               reliability               of               the               instruments,               a               pretest               was               organized               and               it               was               found               out               that               the               outcome               were               in               line               with               the               research               question               and               hypothesis.
               3.6               Administration               of               Instrument
               The               period               used               to               administer               the               questionnaire               covered               slightly               ten               (10)               working               days.

To               allow               respondents               to               get               free               minds               to               their               expressions,               respondent               were               advised               not               to               write               their               names.
               3.7               Data               Analysis               Procedure
               The               investigator               tabulated               the               data               after               collection               of               the               questionnaires;               the               chi-square,               non-parametric               is               used               as               a               statistical               method               based               on               the               fact               that               the               data               involved               frequency               counts               from               the               sample.

               CHAPTER               FOUR
               Data               Presentation               and               Analysis
               This               chapter               deals               with               the               analysis               of               data               collected               on               the               accounting               and               record               keeping               in               profit               organization,               a               case               study               of               UBA               in               Port               Harcourt.
               The               tables               below               shows               the               results               obtained               from               the               research.

They               are               organized               according               to               the               research               questions               made               by               the               researcher               for               proper               organization               of               the               findings.
               A               total               number               of               two               hundred               and               ten               questionnaires               were               administered               to               the               seven               (7)               sampled               branches               of               UBA               banks               in               Port               Harcourt.

Only               hundred               and               fifty               (150)               questionnaires               were               collected               back               due               to               inabilities               of               the               staff               to               return               theirs.
               N/B:
               Fo               =               Frequency               observed
               Fe               =               Frequency               expected
               Fo-fe               =               Frequency               observed               -               frequency               expected
               (fo-fe)2               =               (Frequency               observed               -               frequency               expected)2
               (fo-fe)2               =               (Frequency               observed               -               frequency               expected)2
               Frequency               expected
               Table               4.1
               How               does               accounting               and               record               keeping               affects               an               organization?
               Strongly               Agreed
               Agreed
               Disagreed
               Strongly               Disagreed
               Total
               Fo
               75
               45
               25
               5
               150
               Fe
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               Fo-fe
               37.5
               7.5
               -12.5
               -32.5
               (fo-fe)2
               1406.25
               56.25
               -156.25
               -1056.25
               (fo-fe)2
               fe
               37.5
               1.5
               -4.167
               -28.167
               X2               =               63
               %
               50
               30
               16.7
               3.3
               100%
               Chi-square               x2               value               =               63
               Critical               value               =               7.94
               Degree               of               freedom               =               3
               Level               of               significant               =               0.05
               From               4.1               chi-square               value               x2               of               63               was               observed               as               against               3               degree               of               freedom               (df)               at               a               critical               value               of               7.94               with               a               level               of               significant               at               0.05.
               This               result               is               significant,               this               given               the               basis               to               accept               that               accounting               and               recording               keeping               is               important               in               every               organization,               since               chi-squared               value               is               greater               than               the               critical               value.
               The               table               further               indicates               that               75               (50%)               of               the               respondents               strongly               agreed,               45(30%)               agreed,               25(17%)               of               respondents               disagreed               and               5(3%)               of               the               respondents               strongly               disagreed.

This               confirms               the               opinion               in               the               research               question               one.
               Table               4.2
               How               does               the               role               played               by               accounting               &               record               keeping               affects               profit               organization               like               UBA?
               Strongly               Agreed
               Agreed
               Disagreed
               Strongly               Disagreed
               Total
               Fo
               100
               30
               15
               5
               150
               Fe
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               Fo-fe
               62.5
               -7.5
               -22.5
               -32.5
               (fo-fe)2
               3906.25
               -56.25
               -506.25
               -1056.25
               (fo-fe)2
               f
               104.17
               -1.5
               -13.5
               -28.17
               X2               =               61
               %
               67
               20
               10
               3
               100%
               Chi-square               x2               value               =               61
               Critical               value               =               7.81
               Degree               of               freedom               =               3
               Level               of               significant               =               0.05
               From               4.2               chi-square               value               x2               of               61               was               observed               as               against               3               degree               of               freedom               (df)               at               a               critical               value               of               7.81               with               a               level               of               significant               at               0.05.

This               result               is               significant,               this               given               the               basis               to               accept               that               accounting               and               record               keeping               is               important               in               every               organization,               since               chi-squared               value               is               greater               than               the               critical               value.
               The               table               further               indicates               that               100(67%)               of               the               respondents               strongly               agree,               30(20%)               agreed,               15(10%)               of               the               respondents               disagreed               and               5(3%)               of               the               respondents               strongly               disagreed.

This               confirms               the               opinion               in               the               research               question               two.
               Table               4.3
               Does               proper               record               keeping               increase               profitability               in               UBA?
               Strongly               Agreed
               Agreed
               Disagreed
               Strongly               Disagreed
               Total
               Fo
               93
               28
               17
               12
               150
               Fe
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               37.5
               Fo-fe
               55.5
               -9.5
               -20.5
               -25.5
               (fo-fe)2
               3080.25
               -90.25
               -420.25
               -650.25
               (fo-fe)2
               fe
               82.14
               -2.406
               -11.207
               -17.34
               X2               =               51
               %
               62
               18.7
               11.3
               8
               100
               Chi-square               x2               value               =               51
               Critical               value               =               7.81
               Degree               of               freedom               =               3
               Level               of               significant               =               0.05
               From               4.3               chi-square               value               x2               of               51               was               observed               as               against               3               degree               of               freedom               (df)               at               a               critical               value               of               7.81               with               a               level               of               significant               at               0.05.

This               result               is               significant,               this               given               the               basis               to               accept               that               accounting               and               record               keeping               is               important               in               every               organization,               since               chi-square               value               is               greater               than               the               critical               value.
               The               table               further               indicate               that               93(62%)               of               the               respondents               strongly               agreed,               28(18.7%)               agreed,               17(11.3%)               of               the               respondents               disagreed               and               12(8%)               of               the               respondents               strongly               disagreed.

This               confirms               the               opinion               in               the               research               question               three.

               CHAPTER               FIVE
               5.0               Summary               Observation
               The               result               obtained               from               the               findings,               confirms               that               accounting               and               record               keeping               is               significant               (i.e.

importance)               to               the               UBA               Bank               as               perceived               by               the               staff.
               The               result               also               confirms               that               most               of               the               works               conducted               by               different               eminent               scholars,               cited               in               the               literature               review               for               instance,               the               American               Accounting               Association               (AAA)               defined               accounting               as               the               process               of               identifying,               measuring               and               communicating               economic               information               to               permit               informed               judgment               and               decision               by               users               of               the               information.
               Table               4.2               Show               that               the               roles               play               by               accounting               and               record               keeping               effects               profit               organization.

This               means               that               proper               accounting               record               keeping               helps               the               organization               to               determine               its               profit               and               loss               margin               since               the               primary               motive               of               every               organization               is               to               make               profit               even               though               others               pretend               to               be               non-profit               organization.
               This               confirm               the               opinion               of               the               research               works               cited               in               the               literature               review.
               Table               4.3               also               confirms               that               proper               record               keeping               increases               the               profitability               margin               in               a               profit               organization               like               UBA,               a               case               study               in               Port               Harcourt.
               Thus               confirms               the               opinion               in               the               research               question               three,               this               is               because               every               shareholder               is               interested               in               know               the               profit               level               of               any               organization               before               investing               in               such               organization               which               can               only               be               getting               from               record               keeping               and               this               used               to               make               future               plans.
               Conclusion
               From               the               questionnaire               collected               and               analyzed               in               chapter               four               of               the               research               work               it               is               significant               to               note               that               accounting               and               record               keeping               in               profit               organization               a               case               study               of               UBA               in               Port               Harcourt               cannot               be               over               emphasized.
               This               means               that               any               organization               without               proper               accounting               and               record               keeping               cannot               achieve               its               primary               motives               which               may               be               profit               maximization               or               maximization               of               shareholders               funds               etc.

               APPENDIX               I
               Department               of               Accounting,
               Faculty               of               Management               Sciences,
               Wolex               Polytechnic               Lagos,
               In               Affiliation               with               Pan               African,
               Institute               of               Management               &               Technology
               Port               Harcourt.
               9th               October,               2011.
               Dear               Sir/Madam,
               Attached               is               the               research               questionnaire               designed               to               elicit               information               on               the               role               of               Accounting               &               Record               keeping               in               profit               organizations,               a               case               study               of               UBA               Port               Harcourt.
               This               study               is               undertaken               as               a               partial               fulfillment               of               the               requirements               for               the               award               of               OND               in               Accounting,               as               such               any               information               provided               by               you               will               be               kept               confidential               after               use               or               third               party.
               I               therefore,               solicit               your               maximum               co-operation               for               the               completion               of               this               research               study.

Please               tick               (               )               in               the               box               that               agree               with               your               view               except               otherwise.
               Yours               faithfully,
               Nkama               Happiness

               RESEARCH               QUESTION               I
               How               does               accounting               &               record               keeping               affects               organization?
               Agreed
               Strongly
               Agreed
               Disagreed
               Strongly               Disagreed
               Does               your               bank               record               every               transactions               made               each               time               or               after               the               end               of               every               business               day.
               How               long               does               it               take               to               be               recorded               in               the               subsidiary               books               and               in               the               ledger               e.g.

I               day               or               less,               more               than               one               view,               less               than               a               week,               none               of               them.
               Do               you               have               a               particular               person               responsible               for               this               records               or               it's               done               by               every               person               working               in               your               bank
               RESEARCH               QUESTION               II
               How               does               the               roles               played               by               accounting               and               record               keeping               affects               profit               organization?
               Agreed
               Strongly
               Agreed
               Disagreed
               Strongly               Disagreed
               Does               the               record               keeping               constitutes               an               important               documents               in               your               daily               transactions.
               Do               you               have               records               that               shows               your               profit               and               losses               in               your               bank.
               How               often               do               you               make               this               records.

e.g.

every               day,               every               week,               every               month,               none               of               this.
               Where               do               you               keep               this               records               in               bank?

e.g.

in               a               same               place,               any               where               in               the               bank               place,               any               where               in               the               bank               etc.
               Are               this               records               being               reviewed               in               your               bank?
               RESEARCH               QUESTION               III
               Does               proper               record               keeping               increase               profit               UBA               bank?
               Agreed
               Strongly
               Agreed
               Disagreed
               Strongly               Disagreed
               When               records               and               re-viewed               in               your               bank,               does               it               help               to               increase               or               improve               profit               level               or               make               discussions               that               brings               about               increased               level               of               profit?
               Does               this               record               keeping               in               your               bank               increase               profitability               or               do               agree               that               record               keeping               can               increase               profit               level               of               an               organization.
               Does               all               the               record               in               your               bank               have               specific               purpose               or               it               is               formality               seek.

               REFERENCE
               A.A.

Callan               and               M.

J.

Ryder,               A.

Foundation               in               Business               Accounting               Malmillan               1977.
               Accounting               Research               Terminology               Bulletin               Final               Edition,               (1961).

P.

9
               American               Accounting               Association               Committee,               The               State               of               Basic               Accounting               Theory,               (Evanstom,               111:A.A.A.

1966),               P.

1.
               A               Statement               of               Basic               Accounting               Theory
               American               Accounting               Association               Committee,               A               Statement               of               Basic               Concepts               of               Accounting               Principal.
               Christopher               Nobes:               introduction               to               Financial               Accounting               London,               George               Allen               and               Win               Limited,               (1980)               P.

1.
               D.

A.

Nyarko:               An               over               view               of               Conceptual               Framework               of               Functions               of               Accounting,               Rivers               State               Polytechnic               Accounting               Journal,               1992.

p.

6
               Donald               E.

Kieso               and               Jerry               J.

Weygandt,               Intermidiate               Accounting,               2nd               edition.
               Evanston,               I.

U.

American               Accounting               Association,               (1966).

P.

1.
               Fredrick               H.

WU:               Accounting               Information               System               (Theory               and               Practice)               Japan               MC               Graw               Hill               Inc,               1983.

P.

A.
               G.

A.

Lee,               Modern               Financial               Accounting               2nd               edition,               P.

I.
               Ibid
               Kotler,               ERICK               a               dictionary               for               Accountants.
               R.

J.

Bulk,               Accounting               in               Business,               Chathan,               Butherworths               Mackey               of               Chathan               Plc.

1984.

p.

8.
               Richard               M.

Metcalf               and               Pierre               L.

Titard,               Principles               of               Accounting.
               Richard               W.

Melelalf               and               Piere               L.

Titard,               Principles               of               Accounting.
               York:               American               Institute               of               Certified               Accounting               P.

40.






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